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Hemorrhagic Fever-Associated Mammarenaviruses

Introduction

Mammarenaviruses belong to the genus Mammarenavirus, family Arenaviridae, which consists of 27 unique species. Seven mammarenaviruses cause viral hemorrhagic fever in humans: Lassa virus (LASV), Lujo virus (LUJV), Chapare virus (CHAPV), Guanarito virus (GTOV), Junín virus (JUNV), Machupo virus (MACV), and Sabiá virus (SABV). Creative Biolabs is dedicated to developing a series of anti-Mammarenavirus antibody products to meet our clients’ needs.

Mammarenavirus Genome and Structure

Mammarenaviruses virions are spherical or pleomorphic, 50-200 nm in diameter, with dense lipid envelopes. All members of the family have a negative sense, bi-segmented genome consisting of a large (L, 7.2 kb) and small (S, 3.4 kb) segment. The S RNA segment encodes the glycoprotein precursor (GPC) and the nucleoprotein (NP), whereas the L RNA segment encodes the zinc finger matrix protein (Z) and the L RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The GPC is subsequently co-translationally cleaved to form a 58 amino acid-long stable signal peptide (SSP) and two viral glycoproteins, GP1 and GP2. The SSP, together with GP1 and GP2, form the spikes (GP complex) located at the surface of mature virions and that mediate virus cell entry.

Mammarenavirus structure and genome composition. Fig.1 Mammarenavirus structure and genome composition. (Stott, 2020)

Epidemiology

The virus is spread by rodents. Infection occurs via contact with rodent urine or droppings and can also occur via aerosol transmission. Some viruses can also cause human-to-human and nosocomial infections. The Mammarenaviruses contain viruses responsible for causing human hemorrhagic fever diseases including New World viruses and Old World viruses. Viral hemorrhagic fever-causing Mammarenaviruses is global distribution and can be found across Africa, America, Asia, and Europe.

  • Old World Mammarenaviruses: LUJV (Zambia) and LASV (Nigeria, Liberia, Guinea, Sierra Leone).
  • New World Mammarenaviruses: GTOV (Venezuela), SABV (Brazil), CHAPV and MACV (Bolivia), and JUNV (Argentina).

Phylogenetic tree for the Mammarenavirus genus. Fig.2 Phylogenetic tree for the Mammarenavirus genus. (Klitting, 2020)

Symptoms

The infections with these viruses turn out to be either asymptomatic or include flu-like symptoms, such as fever, malaise, headache, conjunctivitis, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. A severe progression of the illness occurs with the development of hemorrhages and neurological disorders in addition to fever.

Prevention and Treatment

Currently, there are no FDA-approved antiviral drugs and vaccines against Mammarenavirus. Significant efforts have been dedicated to finding effective antiviral drugs against human pathogenic Mammarenaviruses. The ways to decrease rodent populations will aid in the control and prevention of Mammarenavirus.

What Creative Biolabs offers

GI, G2, NP, and Z protein of the Mammarenaviruses have been widely studied targets. As a leading global provider of custom antibody production services, Creative Biolabs provides numerous LASV antibodies against various targets to meet customer goals. Focused on ViroAntibody, we also provide one-stop personalized solutions, including ViroAntibody Neutralization Assays, ViroAntibody Discovery Services, ViroAntibody Engineering Services, and ViroAntibody Customized Services. Please feel free to contact us for further information.

References

  1. Stott, R.J.; et al. Distinct Molecular Mechanisms of Host Immune Response Modulation by Arenavirus NP and Z Proteins. Viruses. 2020, 12 (7).
  2. Klitting, R.; et al. Lassa Virus Genetics. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2020.
  3. Radoshitzky, S.; et al. Hemorrhagic fever-causing Mammarenavirus. Medical aspects of biological warfare. 2018, 21: 517-545.

All products and services are intended for Research Use Only, and NOT to be used in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.

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