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Medical Applications

Antibody-Based Diagnostics

Antibodies are used extensively as diagnostic tools in a wide array of different analyses.

  • In-vitro diagnostics (IVD). Initially, immunoglobulin M (IgM) is produced, but switching to IgG, IgA, or IgE occurs during infections, depending on the type of pathogen and the site of infection. The specificity, type, and concentration of antibodies have diagnostic value to give information for diseases. In addition, antibodies as reagents for the diagnosis can be divided into different types of reagents such as enzyme immunoassay, colloidal gold, and chemiluminescence. IVD based on antibodies (and the related immunocytochemistry/histochemistry technique) is currently applied in clinical practice. Antibodies are still very much in vogue and are now also being used in microarray analysis of the proteome using protein chips.
  • In vivo diagnostics: molecular imaging. Due to the very high specificity to precisely identifying their targets of antibodies allows antibodies applied for in vivo imaging. Antibodies and sdAb can be efficiently labeled with a wider range of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) radionuclides to visualize the functions of human tissues, to an antibody’s propensity to home in on the cells it’s made to recognize. However, the characteristics such as long serum half-lives and their size, are drawbacks as imaging agents.

Antibody-Based Therapy

The categories of therapeutic antibodies include the direct use of the naked antibody and additional monoclonal antibody (mAb) engineering like immune-cytokine, antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), antibody-radionuclide conjugate (ARC), bispecific antibody, and chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T).

  • ‘Naked’ antibody therapies. Several treatments using unmodified mAbs have proven to be effective by binding to the antigen on cancer cells or binding to antigen on other cells or protein or by activating immune response mechanism. For example, the use of therapeutic mAbs in patients with solid tumors has been most successful with classes of antibodies targeting the Epidermal growth factor receptor (ERBB) family and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). A more recent approach in mAb therapy includes antibodies that inhibit T-cell-inhibitory receptors such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and programmed-death ligands 1 and 2 (PDL-1 and PDL-2).
  • Conjugate mAb treatment. mAb conjugates consist of antibodies bound to cytotoxic agents, including chemotherapeutic drugs, radioactive moieties, nanoparticle-based small interfering RNA (siRNA) particles, and immunotoxins. The specificity of the mAb to a tumor antigen allows direct delivery of the toxins to the tumor cells with minimum systematic toxicity.
  • CAR T-cell therapy. This therapy consists of fusion protein genetically engineered to express the binding domain from the single-chain variable fragment of an antibody grafted onto a T cell. This type of therapy functions by targeting tumor-associated antigens.
  • Bispecific antibodies. Bispecific antibodies are composed of multiple mAbs with functionally different binding domains within the same construct. Bispecific mAbs consists of two arms, with one arm recognizing cancer cells and the other activating antigens on immune effector cells including CD3.

Mechanism of action of mAb therapy. Fig1 Mechanism of action of mAb therapy. (Charmsaz, 2017)

Creative Biolabs is the world's leading biotechnological company. We can provide a full range of customized services in the ViroAntibody field considering both demands and cost-effectiveness. Our staff is highly trained and exceedingly competent. This enables us to offer a wide range of supporting services, please feel free to contact us for more information.

Reference

  1. Charmsaz, S.; et al. Targeted therapies in hematological malignancies using therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against Eph family receptors. Exp Hematol. 2017. 54:31-39.

All products and services are intended for Research Use Only, and NOT to be used in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.

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