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Human Parvovirus B19

Structure of Human Parvovirus B19

Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a member of the Erythroparvovirus genus within the Parvovirinae subfamily of the Parvoviridae family. B19V is a small, non-enveloped virus that has a diameter of approximately 23-26 nm and contains a linear single-stranded DNA genome of 5.6 kb. The viral transcripts are processed by alternative splicing mechanisms into nine mRNAs used for the synthesis of the respective viral proteins. The viral genome encodes only three proteins with known function, the nonstructural protein NS1 (77 kDa) and two capsid proteins VP1 (83 kDa) and VP2 (58 kDa). Each B19V capsid is an icosahedral structure and consists of a total of 60 capsomers: VP2 is the major capsid protein, and VP1 proteins are incorporated into the capsid structure in a nonstoichiometric arrangement, in which the VP1 unique region is assumed to be exposed at the particle surface.

Schematic structure and composition of a B19V particle Fig.1 Schematic structure and composition of a B19V particle (Plentz, 2011)

Pathogenesis

B19V is characterized by a high tropism for erythroid progenitor cells (EPCs). B19 arrives into human body and initially interacts with P antigen (globoside) at low affinity, followed by receptor­mediated endocytosis, which is mediated by binding a potential co­receptor, α5β1 integrin or Ku80, in a high-affinity conformation. The erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) signaling of Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) phosphorylation and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) kinase (MEK) activation play a key role in facilitating B19V DNA replication in EPCs. Differential inhibition processes and apoptotic signals activated by massive replication of B19 eventually lead to cytolysis of EPCs and release of virions into the blood, which is consist with the transient high-titer viremia in the acute phase.

Proposed model of B19V life cycle. Fig.2 Proposed model of B19V life cycle. (Ganaie, 2018)

Epidemiology

  • B19V occurs worldwide but is restricted exclusively to human hosts, and the seroprevalence increases with age.
  • B19V is transmitted by respiratory aerosol spread or by hand­to­mouth contact from individuals with acute infection. Furthermore, the virus is also transmitted via blood or pooled-blood products, from a pregnant mother to her fetus, and possibly even from tattooing.
  • In regions and countries with moderate climate, B19V infection is often seasonal, with the highest rates in late winter, spring and early summer. These episodes may last up to 6 months and usually occur every 4-5 years.

Symptoms

B19V is a common human pathogen associated with a wide variety of diseases. Most commonly, B19V infection causes erythema infectiosum or fifth disease (also named ‘slapped cheek syndrome’). But in some cases more serious symptoms can be linked to B19V, such as acute or persistent arthropathies, critical failures of red cell production, hydrops fetalis, fetal loss, myocarditis, or hepatitis. In immunocompromised patients, persistent skin lesions and anemia often develop.

Prevention and Treatment

  • There is currently no vaccine for B19V. A candidate vaccine has been tested consisting of 25% VP1 and 75% VP2, that with adjuvant elicits a strong humoral response, and is well tolerated.
  • There is no specific antiviral drug against B19V and the infection does not generally need treatment in the immunocompetent host. IVIG or blood transfusion is useful for treatment.

Anti-B19V Products and Services

Creative Biolabs is one of the well-recognized experts who are professional in ViroAntibody development for a broad range of project objectives. Our scientific staffs are pleased to use our extensive experience and advanced technology to provide anti-B19V antibodies for global researchers. In addition, we have the ability to provide various assays, customized antibody discovery and engineering services to advance your virology research. Please feel free to contact us.

References

  1. Plentz, A.; Modrow, S. Diagnosis, management and possibilities to prevent parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy. Future Virol. 2011, 6(12), 1435-1450.
  2. Ganaie, S.S.; Qiu, J. Recent Advances in Replication and Infection of Human Parvovirus B19. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2018, 8: 166.

All products and services are intended for Research Use Only, and NOT to be used in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.

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