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Echoviruses and High-numbered Enteroviruses

Enteroviruses

Enteroviruses (Picornaviridae family) are a common cause of human illness worldwide and are associated with diverse clinical syndromes, including asymptomatic infection, respiratory illness, gastroenteritis, and meningitis. Traditionally, enteroviruses were classified into four subgroups: polioviruses, coxsackievirus A, coxsackievirus B, and echoviruses. Enteroviruses isolated more recently are named with a system of consecutive numbers: EV-D68, EV-B69, EV-D70, EV-A71, etc., where genotyping is based on the VP1 capsid region. The capsid consists of a densely-packed icosahedral arrangement of 60 protomers, each consisting of 4 polypeptides, VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4 encoded by the P1 region of the genome. The P2 and P3 regions encode for seven non-structural proteins: 2A-2C and 3A-3D.

Enterovirus 71 structure and genome structure of the virion. Fig.1 Enterovirus 71 structure and genome structure of the virion. (Solomon, 2010)

Echoviruses

Echoviruses fall into the larger category of enteroviruses. There are 28 distinct echovirus serotypes that are important human pathogens, causing frequently meningitis and are associated with generalized infections of neonates, rashes, respiratory infections, and myocarditis. Individual serotypes have different temporal patterns of circulation and cause different clinical manifestations. The viral genome is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA. Structurally, the virus particle lacks an envelope, is spheroidal, measures from 20 to 30 nm.

Epidemiology

Enterovirus infections are common and cause about 10 to15 million infections each year in the US, particularly during summer-fall months and typically are spread person-to-person via the fecal-oral or oral-oral routes and through respiratory droplets and fomites. The most common serotypes of Echoviruses for disease are types 6, 9, 11, 19, and 30. Males younger than 20 years are more commonly infected by Echoviruses than other persons. Newborns can get the virus during birth from their mothers. Epidemics in neonatal intensive care units have very high morbidity and mortality rates. The virus can cause a dangerous infection in someone with a weakened or less-developed immune system.

Symptoms and Treatment

Enteroviruses are associated with a broad spectrum of clinical syndromes including neurological disorders. Enteroviruses can invade the central nervous system (CNS) through three pathways (Fig.2). However, it is not clear how enterovirus targets specific regions and cell types in the brain and spinal cord. Most enterovirus or echoviruses infections have no symptoms or cause only a mild fever. Children with asthma are particularly at risk for severe symptoms from enterovirus infection. Echoviruses are frequently associated with aseptic meningitis. Symptoms include acute onset of fever, headache, photophobia, rash, jaundice, nausea and vomiting. There is no special treatment or vaccine to completely prevent the spread of echoviruses like echovirus. Enteroviral infections in immunocompetent individuals heal spontaneously within 7-10 days; therefore, the main goal of treatment is symptomatic relief.

The pathways through which enteroviruses can gain access to the CNS. Fig.2 The pathways through which enteroviruses can gain access to the CNS. (Chen, 2020)

What Can We offer

Creative Biolabs provides a large number of Echoviruses antibodies and Enterovirus antibodies against various targets to meet customer goals. We express and purify thousands of recombinant antibodies and antibody fragments every year. Our antibodies are validated in various immune applications and a variety of hosts. Let our team of antibody production experts help you reach your custom antibody goals. For special ViroAntibodies, our expert team has the ability to provide comprehensive services including:

  • ViroAntibody Neutralization Assays
  • ViroAntibody Discovery Services
  • ViroAntibody Engineering Services
  • ViroAntibody Customized Services

We enable you to solve the toughest problems in life science. Find the products you need to help power your research. Please feel free to contact us for further information.

References

  1. Solomon, T.; et al. Virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of enterovirus 71. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010, 10(11): 778-790.
  2. Chen, B.S.; et al. Enterovirus and Encephalitis. Front Microbiol, 2020, 11: 261.

All products and services are intended for Research Use Only, and NOT to be used in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.

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